Alum

Crystal chemistry of the alums

Double solid solutions of alums occur.

Alums crystallise in one of three different crystal structures. These classes are called α-, β- and γ-alums.

Applications

Alums are useful for a range of industrial processes. They are soluble in water of crystallization is driven off, the salt froths and swells, and at last an amorphous powder remains.

ammonium alum are manufactured.

Aluminium sulfate is sometimes called alum in informal contexts, but this usage is not regarded as technically correct. Its properties are quite different from those of the set of alums formally described above.

Alchemical and later discoveries and uses

The presence of ammonia is dropped into this liquid, it immediately deposits perfect crystals of alum.

lime, and that potassium sulfate is frequently found in alum.

After J.A. Chaptal published the analysis of four different kinds of alum, namely, Roman alum, Levant alum, British alum and alum manufactured by himself. This analysis led to the same result as Vauquelin.

Pliny's writings

The word "alumen," which we translate "alum," occurs in Pliny's Natural History. In the 15th chapter of his 35th book he gives a detailed description of it. By comparing this with the account of stupteria given by shale, and which consists chiefly of sulfates of iron and aluminium. Possibly in certain places the iron sulfate may have been nearly wanting, and then the salt would be white, and would answer, as Pliny says it did, for dyeing bright colors. Several other species of alumen are described by Pliny, but we are unable to make out to what minerals he alludes.

The alumen of the ancients, then, was not the same as the alum of the moderns. It was most commonly an iron sulfate, sometimes probably an aluminium sulfate, and usually a mixture of the two. But the ancients were unacquainted with our alum. They were acquainted with a crystallized iron sulfate, and distinguished it by the names of misy, sory, and chalcanthum. As alum and green vitriol were applied to a variety of substances in common, and as both are distinguished by a sweetish and astringent taste, writers, even after the discovery of alum, do not seem to have discriminated the two salts accurately from each other. In the writings of the schist, cryolite.

Early uses in industry

Alum was imported into England mainly from the Middle East, and, from the late 15th Century onwards, the Papal States for hundreds of years. Its use there was as a aluminium sulfate, and made an important contribution to the Industrial Revolution. Alum (Known as turti in local Indian languages) was also used for water treatment by Indians for hundreds of years.

Production

Alum from alunite

In order to obtain alum from alunite, it is calcined and then exposed to the action of air for a considerable time. During this exposure it is kept continually moistened with water, so that it ultimately falls to a very fine powder. This powder is then lixiviated with hot water, the liquor decanted, and the alum allowed to crystallize. The alum schists employed in the manufacture of alum are mixtures of iron silicate and various bituminous substances, and are found in upper Bavaria, Bohemia, Belgium, and Scotland. These are either roasted or exposed to the weathering action of the air. In the roasting process, sulfuric acid is formed and acts on the clay to form aluminium sulfate, a similar condition of affairs being produced during weathering. The mass is now systematically extracted with water, and a solution of aluminium sulfate of specific gravity 1.16 is prepared. This solution is allowed to stand for some time (in order that any calcium sulfate and basic ferric sulfate may separate), and is then evaporated until ferrous sulfate crystallizes on cooling; it is then drawn off and evaporated until it attains a specific gravity of 1.40. It is now allowed to stand for some time, decanted from any sediment, and finally mixed with the calculated quantity of potassium sulfa te (or if ammonium alum is required, with ammonium sulfate), well agitated, and the alum is thrown down as a finely-divided precipitate of alum meal. If much iron should be present in the shale then it is preferable to use potassium chloride in place of potassium sulfate.

Alum from clays or bauxite

In the preparation of alum from clays or from carbon dioxide through the solution. The precipitate is then dissolved in sulfuric acid, the requisite amount of potassium sulfate added and the solution allowed to crystallize.

Types of alum

Soda alum

Sodium alum, Na₂SO₄·Al₂(SO₄)₃·24H₂O, occurs in nature as the mineral mendozite. It is very soluble in water, and is extremely difficult to purify. In the preparation of this salt, it is preferable to mix the component solutions in the cold, and to evaporate them at a temperature not exceeding 60 °C. 100 parts of water dissolve 110 parts of sodium alum at 0 °C, and 51 parts at 16 °C. Soda alum is used in the acidulent of food as well as in the manufacture of baking powder.

Ammonium alum

Ammonia alum, NH₄Al(SO₄)₂·12H₂O, a white crystalline double sulfate of aluminium, is used in water purification, in vegetable glues, in porcelain cements, in natural deodorants (though potassium alum is more commonly used), in tanning, dyeing and in fireproofing textiles.

Alum solubility

The solubility of the various alums in water varies greatly, sodium alum being readily soluble in water, while rubidium alums are only sparingly soluble. The various solubilities are shown in the following table.

At temperature T, 100 parts water dissolve:

T	Ammonium Alum	Potassium Alum	Rubidium Alum	Caesium Alum
0 °C	2.62	3.90	0.71	0.19
10 °C	4.50	9.52	1.09	0.29
50 °C	15.9	44.11	4.98	1.235
80 °C	35.20	134.47	21.60	5.29
100 °C	70.83	357.48

Selenate containing alumns

Alums are also known that contain selenium in place of sulfur. They are called selenium- or selenate-alums.

Uses

Alum in Makeup: Alum was often used as a base in skin whiteners and treatments during the late 16th Century in the Elizabethan fashion. This is an example of a recipe:

"For the Freckles which one getteth by the heat of the Sun: Take a little Allom beaten small, temper amonst it a well brayed white of an egg, put it on a milde fire, stirring it always about that it wax not hard, and when it casteth up the scum, then it is enough, wherewith anoint the Freckles the space of three dayes: if you will defend your self that you get no Freckles on the face, then anoint your face with the whites of eggs." Christopher Wirzung,General practise of Physicke, 1654.

• Shaving alum: is a powdered form of alum used as an astringent to prevent bleeding from small shaving cuts. The styptic pencils sold for this purpose contain aluminium sulfate or potassium aluminium sulfate. Similar products are also used on animals to prevent bleeding after nail-clipping. Alum in block form (usually potassium alum) is used as an aftershave, rubbed over the wet freshly shaved face.

• Hair Stiffener: Alum was used in rock form in the 1950's to rub on the front short hair of a "crewcut". When the hair dried, it would stay up all day.

• Crystal deodorant: Alum was used in the past as a natural underarm deodorant in Europe, Mexico, Thailand, the Far East and in the Philippines where it is called Tawas. It is now commercially sold for this purpose in many countries, often in a plastic case that protects the crystal and makes it resemble other non-liquid deodorants. Typically potassium alum is used.

• Alum powder, found amongst spices at most grocery stores, is used in pickling recipes as a preservative, to maintain crispness, and as an ingredient in some play dough recipes. It is also commonly cited as a home remedy or pain relief for canker sores.

• Fire retardant: By soaking and then drying cloth and paper materials they can be made fireproof.

• Wax: Alum is used in the Middle East as a component in wax, compounded with other ingredients to create a hair-removal substance.

• Foamite: Alum is used to make foamite which is used in many fire extinguishers for chemical and oil fires.

• Adjuvant: Alum is used regularly as an adjuvant (enhances immune response to a given immunogen when given with it) in human immunizations.

• Antibacterial agent: Alum works as a deodorant because Alum inhibits bacterial growth. This fits the definition of an antibacterial agent. Styptic pencils or Alum powder/crystals can be applied to cuts that have a mild infection.

Related compounds

In addition to the alums, which are dodecahydrates, double sulfates and selenates of univalent and trivalent cations occur with other degrees of hydration. These materials may also be referred to as alums, including the undecahydrates such as dimethylammonium (CH₃)₂NH₂⁺) "alums", tetrahydrates such as goldichite, monohydrates such as thallium plutonium sulphate and anhydrous alums (yavapaiites). These classes include differing, but overlapping, combinations of ions.

A pseudo alum is a double sulfate of the typical formula ASO₄·B₂(SO₄)₃·22H₂O, where A is a divalent metal ion, such as halotrichite or feather alum), and B is a trivalent metal ion.

A Tutton salt is a double sulfate of the typical formula A₂SO₄·BSO₄·6H₂O, where A is a univalent cation, and B a divalent metal ion.

In popular culture

Gags in which someone ingests alum, either accidentally self-administered or surreptitiously administered by another, resulting in exaggerated effects, are a traditional staple of comedy. In live-action comedies, effects on the victim usually include extreme puckering of the mouth and lips and tightening of the throat. In animated cartoons, the effects are normally expanded to include extreme shrinking of the head.

See also

• List of minerals
• Potash alum

References

1. ^ Greenwood, N. N.; & Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd Edn.), Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.