Benzoic acid

Benzoic acid, C₇H₆O₂ (or C₆H₅COOH), is a colorless crystalline solid and the simplest carboxylic acid. The name derived from gum benzoin, which was for a long time the only source for benzoic acid. This weak acid and its salts are used as a food preservative. Benzoic acid is an important precursor for the synthesis of many other organic substances.

History

Benzoic acid was discovered in the 16th century. The dry distillation of gum benzoin was first described by Nostradamus (1556), and subsequently by Alexius Pedemontanus (1560) and Blaise de Vigenère (1596).^[1]

hippuric acid is related to benzoic acid.

In 1875 Salkowski discovered the antifungal abilities of benzoic acid, which were used for a long time in the preservation of benzoate containing fruits.^[3]

Production

Industrial preparations

Benzoic acid is produced commercially by partial oxidation of naphthenates. The process uses cheap raw materials, proceeds in high yield, and is considered environmentally green.

U.S. production capacity is estimated to be 126,000 tonnes per year (139,000 tons), much of which is consumed domestically to prepare other industrial chemicals.

Historical preparations

The first industrial process involved the reaction of benzotrichloride (trichloromethyl benzene) with hydrochloric acid. The product contains significant amounts of chlorinated benzoic acid derivatives. For this reason, benzoic acid for human consumption was obtained by dry distillation of gum benzoin. Food-grade benzoic acid is now produced synthetically.^[4]

nitric acid.

Uses

Food preservative

Benzoic acid and its salts are used as a food preservative, represented by the phosphoric acid), pickles (vinegar) or other acidified food are preserved with benzoic acid and benzoates.

Typical levels of use for benzoic acid as a preservative in food are between 0.05 – 0.1%. Foods in which benzoic acid may be used and maximum levels for its application are laid down in international food law.^[7][8]

Concern has been expressed that benzoic acid and its salts may react with benzene.^[9][10]

See also: Benzene in soft drinks

Synthesis

Benzoic acid is used to make a large number of chemicals, important examples of which are:

• insect repellents.
• polymerization reactions and also a component in cosmetic products.
• Benzoate diol. Alternatively these species arise by treatment of benzoylchloride with the diol. These plasticizers are used similarly to those derived from terephthalic acid ester.
• nylon synthesis.

Medicinal

Benzoic acid is a constituent of Whitfield Ointment which is used for the treatment of fungal skin diseases such as tinea, ringworm, and athlete's foot. ^{[12] [13]}

Purification

Benzoic acid is purified by recrystallisation of the crude product. This involves dissolving the material and allowing it to recrystallize (or re-solidify), leaving any impurities in solution and allowing the pure material to be isolated from the solution. ^[14]

Biology and health effects

Benzoic acid occurs naturally free and bound as benzoic acid esters in many plant and animal species. Appreciable amounts have been found in most berries (around 0.05%). Ripe fruits of several Vaccinium species (e.g., cranberry, V. vitis idaea; bilberry, V. macrocarpon) contain as much as 300-1300 mg free benzoic acid per kg fruit. Benzoic acid is also formed in apples after infection with the fungus Nectria galligena. Among animals, benzoic acid has been identified primarily in omnivorous or phytophageous species, e.g., in viscera and muscles of the ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus) as well as in gland secretions of male muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) or Asian bull elephants (Elephas maximus).^[15]

Gum benzoin contains up to 20% of benzoic acid and 40% benzoic acid esters.^[16]

Benzoic acid is present as part of toluene or benzoic acid it can rise above that level.^[17]

For humans ,the WHO's International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) suggests a provisional tolerable intake would be 5 mg/kg body weight per day.^[15] Cats have a significantly lower tolerance against benzoic acid and its salts than rats and mice. Lethal dose for cats can be as low as 300 mg/kg body weight.^[18] The oral LD₅₀ for rats is 3040 mg/kg, for mice it is 1940-2263 mg/kg.^[15]

Chemistry

Reactions of benzoic acid can occur at either the aromatic ring or the carboxylic group:

Aromatic ring

carboxylic group.

The second substitution reaction (on the right) is slower because the first nitro group is deactivating.^[19] Conversely, if an activating group (electron-donating) was introduced (e.g., alkyl), a second substitution reaction would occur more readily than the first and the disubstituted product might not accumulate to a significant extent.

Carboxylic group

All the reactions mentioned for carboxylic acids are also possible for benzoic acid.

• Benzoic acid esters are the product of the acid catalysed reaction with alcohols.
• Benzoic acid DMAP.
• The more active benzoic phosphorus pentoxide.
• Highly reactive acid derivatives such as thionyl chloride.
• Orthoesters can be obtained by the reaction of alcohols under acidic water free conditions with benzonitrile.
• Reduction to sodium borohydride.
• The copper catalysed benzoate to benzene may be effected by heating in quinoline. Also, Hunsdiecker decoarboxylation can be achieved by forming the silver salt and heating.

Laboratory preparations

Benzoic acid is cheap and readily available, so the laboratory synthesis of benzoic acid is mainly practiced for its pedogical value. It is a common undergraduate preparation and a convenient property of the compound is that its melting point equals its molecular weight (122). For all syntheses, benzoic acid can be purified by recrystallization from water because of its high solubility in hot water and poor solubility in cold water. The avoidance of organic solvents for the recrystallization makes this experiment particularly safe.

By hydrolysis

Like any other benzonitrile and benzamide can be hydrolyzed to benzoic acid or its conjugate base in acid or basic conditions.

From benzaldehyde

The base-induced distillation.

From bromobenzene

Bromobenzene in diethyl ether is stirred with magnesium turnings to produce carbon dioxide) to give benzoate. Dilute acid is added to form benzoic acid.

From benzyl alcohol

Benzyl alcohol is refluxed with potassium permanganate or other oxidizing reagents in water. The mixture hot filtered to remove manganese oxide and then allowed to cool to afford benzoic acid.

References

Further reading

• Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Bindu Nair (2001). "Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Benzyl Alcohol, Benzoic Acid, and Sodium Benzoate". Int J Tox 20 (Suppl. 3): 23-50.