Bradykinin



Bradykinin
Identifiers
CAS number 58-82-2
PubChem 6026
MeSH Bradykinin
Properties
Molecular formula C50H73N15O11
Molar mass 1060.21
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for
materials in their standard state
(at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox disclaimer and references

Bradykinin is a physiologically and pharmacologically active amino acids.

Structure

Bradykinin is a 9-amino acid peptide chain. The Arg. Its empirical formula is therefore C50H73N15O11.

Synthesis

The enzyme kallikrein. ACE inhibitors prevent ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) from degrading bradykinin, which accumulates in the lungs and acts as an irritant and provokes coughing.

Metabolism

In humans, bradykinin is broken down by three kininases: carboxypeptidase N (CPN), which cleave the 7-8, 1-2, and 8-9 positions, respectively [1][2].

Physiological role

Effects

Bradykinin is a potent endothelium-dependent histamine, and like histamine is released from venules rather than arterioles.

Bradykinin raises internal glutamate.[3]

Bradykinin is also thought to be the cause of the dry cough in some patients on angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor drugs. This refractory cough is a common cause for stopping ACE-inhibitor therapy.

Receptors

  • The B1 receptor is only expressed as a result of tissue injury, and is presumed to play a role in chronic pain. This receptor has been also described to play a role in inflammation. [4]. Most recently, it has been shown that the kinin B1 receptor recruits neutrophil via the chemokine CXCL5 production. Moreover, endothelial cells have been described as a potential source for this B1 receptor-CXCL5 pathway. [5]
  • The B2 receptor is constitutively active and participates in bradykinin's vasodilatory role.

The kinin B1 and B2 receptors belong to G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family.

History

Bradykinin was discovered in 1948 by three Brazilian physiologists and pharmacologists working at the Instituto Biológico, in São Paulo, Brazil, led by Dr. enzymes related to the toxicology of snake bites, started by Rocha e Silva as early as 1939. Bradykinin was to prove a new autopharmacological principle, i.e., a substance that is released in the body by a metabolic modification from precursors, which are pharmacologically active. According to B.J. Hagwood, Rocha e Silva's biographer, "The discovery of bradykinin has led to a new understanding of many physiological and pathological phenomena including circulatory shock induced by venoms and toxins."

Applications

The practical importance of the discovery of bradykinin became apparent when one of his collaborators at the Medical School of Ribeirão Preto at the University of São Paulo, Dr. captopril (trademarked Capoten).

References

  1. ^ Dendorfer A, Wolfrum S, Wagemann M, Qadri F, Dominiak P. Pathways of bradykinin degradation in blood and plasma of normotensive and hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2001;280:H2182-8. Fulltext. PMID 11299220.
  2. ^ Kuoppala A, Lindstedt KA, Saarinen J, Kovanen PT, Kokkonen JO. Inactivation of bradykinin by angiotensin-converting enzyme and by carboxypeptidase N in human plasma. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2000;278(4):H1069-74. Fulltext. PMID 10749699.
  3. ^ Parpura et al., Glutamate-mediated astrocyte−neuron signalling, Nature 1994 Article
  4. ^ Peter G. McLean et al., Association between Kinin B1 Receptor Expression and Leukocyte Trafficking across Mouse Mesenteric Postcapillary Venules, The Journal of Experimental Medicine 2000 Article
  5. ^ J Duchene et al., A Novel Inflammatory Pathway Involved in Leukocyte Recruitment: Role for the Kinin B1 Receptor and the Chemokine CXCL5, The Journal of Immunology 2007 [1]
v • d • e
Opioid peptide - Pancreatic polypeptide - Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide
v • d • e
Autacoids: kinins
Kininogen (Tachykinin - Urotensin 2
 
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Bradykinin". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.