Erwin Chargaff

Erwin Chargaff (Czernowitz, August 11, 1905 – New York City, USA, June 20, 2002) was an Austrian DNA.

Chargaff had one son, Thomas, with his wife Vera Broido, whom he married in 1928. Chargaff became an American citizen in 1940.

Early life

Chargaff was born in Czernowitz on August 12, 1905, Bukowina, Austria, which is now Chernovtsy , Ukraine.^[1] Chargaff had a difficult time deciding whether he would pursue science or philology as a career: he had a natural gift for languages, and over the course of his life he would learn 15. His American colleagues recalled that he could speak English better than they could.^[1]

From 1923 to 1928, Chargaff studied chemistry for the department of bacteriology and public health at the University of Berlin (1930-1933), and then as a research associate at the Pasteur Institute in Paris (1933-1934).^[1]

He had published 30 papers by the time he reached 30 years of age.^[1]

Columbia University

Chargaff immigrated to New York in 1935, taking a position as a research associate in the department of biochemistry at Columbia University, where he spent most of his professional career. Chargaff became an assistant professor in 1938 and a professor in 1952. After serving as department chair from 1970 to 1974, Chargaff retired to professor emeritus. After his retirement to professor emeritus, Chargaff moved his lab to Roosevelt Hospital, where he continued to work until 1992. He retired in 1992.

During his time at Columbia, Chargaff published numerous scientific papers, dealing primarily with the study of nucleic acids such as Chargaff's rules.

Honors awarded to him include the Pasteur Medal (1949) and the National Medal of Science (1974).

Chargaff's rules

Main article: Chargaff's rules

Erwin Chargaff proposed two main rules in his lifetime which were appropriately named James D. Watson at Cambridge in 1952, and, despite not getting on well with them personally, explained his findings to them. Chargaff's research would later help Watson and Crick to deduce the double helical structure of DNA.

The second of Chargaff's rules is that the composition of DNA varies from one species to another, in particular in the relative amounts of A, G, T, and C bases. Such evidence of molecular diversity, which had been presumed absent from DNA, made DNA a more credible candidate for the genetic material than protein.

Besides making these important steps toward the structure of DNA, Chargaff's lab also conducted research on the lipoproteins, and the biosynthesis of phosphotransferases.

Later life

Beginning in the 1950s, Chargaff became increasingly outspoken about the failings of the field of molecular biology, claiming that molecular biology was "running riot and doing things that can never be justified." After Rosalind Franklin, from the 1962 Nobel Prize for DNA discovery. The Prize can only be split three ways. Along with Chargaff, 23 other scientists contributed significantly to the double helix elucidation and were not rewarded with the Nobel for their work towards the double helix.^[1]

Books authored

Chargaff wrote 450 papers and 15 books on diverse topics during his retirement years.^[1]

• Erwin Chargaff, Heraclitean Fire: Sketches from a Life Before Nature (1978). Rockefeller University Press: ISBN 0-87470-029-9; 252 p.

See also

• Nobel Prize controversies

References

• Erwin Chargaff Papers, American Philosophical Society
• Chargaff obituary from The Guardian, July 2, 2002
• Watson, James D.; Baker, Tania A.; Bell, Stephen B.; Gann, Alexander; Levine, Michael; & Losick, Richard (2004). Molecular Biology of the Gene, 5th ed., Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 0-8053-4635-X. 
• The composition of the deoxyribonucleic acid of salmon sperm by E. Chargaff, R. Lipshitz, C. Green and M. E. Hodes in Journal of Biological Chemistry (1951) volume 192 pages 223-230.
• Watson, James D. [orig. 1968] (1980). The Double Helix: A personal account of the discovery of the structure of DNA, critical edition, Norton. ISBN 0-393-01245-X.