Jet fuel



Jet fuel is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in jet-engined aircraft.

JET A-1
Flash point: 38 °C
Autoignition temperature: 210 °C
Freezing point: −47 °C (−40 °C for JET A)
Open air burning temperatures: 260–315 °C (500–599 °F)
Maximum burning temperature: 980 °C (1796 °F)
Density at 15 °C (60 °F): 0.775–0.840 kg/L

Description

Aeroplane Fuel (Mostly used)

Aeroplane fuel is clear to straw colored. The most common fuel is an unleaded/paraffin oil-based fuel classified as Aeroplane A-1, which is produced to an internationally standardized set of specifications. See the section for Jet A below.

The only other Aeroplane fuel that is commonly used in civilian aviation is called Jet B, a fuel in the naptha-kerosene region that is used for its enhanced cold-weather performance. However, Jet B's lighter composition makes it more dangerous to handle, and it is thus restricted only to areas where its cold-weather characteristics are absolutely necessary.

Aeroplane fuel is a mixture of a large number of different hydrocarbons, possibly as many as a thousand or more. The range of their sizes (molecular weights or carbon numbers) is restricted by the requirements for the product, for example, freezing point or smoke point. Kerosene-type Aeroplane fuel (including Jet A and Jet A-1) has a carbon number distribution between about 8 and 16 carbon numbers; wide-cut or naphtha-type Aeroplane fuel (including Jet B), between about 5 and 15 carbon numbers. [1]

Both Aeroplanes (Jet A and Jet B) may contain a number of additives:

  • phenols, eg. AO-30, AO-31, or AO-37;
  • Antistatic agents, to dissipate static electricity and prevent sparking; Stadis 450, with dinonylnaphthylsulfonic acid (DINNSA) as the active ingredient, is an example
  • Corrosion inhibitors, e.g. DCI-4A used for civilian and military fuels, and DCI-6A used for military fuels;
  • Fuel System Icing Inhibitor (FSII) agents, e.g. Di-EGME; FSII is often mixed at the point-of-sale so that users with heated fuel lines do not have to pay the extra expense;

Militaries around the world use a different classification system of JP numbers. Some are almost identical to their civilian counterparts and differ only by the amounts of a few additives; Jet A-1 is similar to JPTS, which was developed in 1956 for the Lockheed U-2 spy plane.

Jet fuels are sometimes classified as kerosene or naphtha-type. Kerosene-type fuels include Jet A, Jet A1, JP-5 and JP-8. Naphtha-type jets fuels, sometimes referred to as "wide-cut" jet fuel, include Jet B and JP-4.

Jet A

  Jet A is the standard jet fuel type in the U.S. since the 1950s and is only available there. Jet A is similar to Jet-A1, except for its higher freezing point of −40 °C (vs −47 ° Jet A-1). Like Jet A-1, Jet A has a fairly high flash point of 38 °C, with an parts per million).

The U.S. commercial fuels are not required by law to contain antistatic additives, and generally do not[citation needed].

The annual U.S. usage of jet fuel was 21 billion gallons (80 billion liters) in 2006. [2]

A consortium consisting of Boeing, NASA Glenn Research Center, MTU Aero Engines (Germany), and the US Air Force Research Laboratory is investigating development of jet fuel blends containing a substantial percentage of bio-fuel. [1]

History of jet fuel

Fuel for a piston-engine powered aircraft (usually a high-octane gasoline known as kerosene or a gasoline-kerosene mix, and most jet fuels are still kerosene-based.


Piston engine use

Jet fuel is very similar to avgas.

Jet fuel is often used in ground support vehicles at airports, instead of diesel. The United States military makes heavy use of lubricity.

References

  1. ^ Chevron Products Corporation. Aviation Turbine Fuel Composition.
  2. ^ Energy Information Administration. U.S. Prime Supplier Sales Volumes of Petroleum Products.

See also
 
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Jet_fuel". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.