Law of definite proportions

In stoichiometry.^[1]

History

This observation was first made by the French chemist Joseph Proust based on several experiments conducted between 1797 and 1804.^{[citation needed]} Based on such observations, Proust made statements like this one, in 1806:

"I shall conclude by deducing from these experiments the principle I have established at the commencement of this memoir, viz. that iron like many other metals is subject to the law of nature which presides at every true combination, that is to say, that it unites with two constant proportions of oxygen. In this respect it does not differ from tin, mercury, and lead, and, in a word, almost every known combustible."

The law of definite proportions might seem obvious to the modern chemist, inherent in the very definition of a chemical compound. At the end of the 18th century, however, when the concept of a chemical compound had not yet been fully developed, the law was novel. In fact, when first proposed, it was a controversial statement and was opposed by other chemists, most notably Proust's fellow Frenchman Claude Louis Berthollet, who argued that the elements could combine in any proportion.^{[citation needed]} The very existence of this debate underscores that at the time, the distinction between pure mixtures had not yet been fully developed.

The law of definite proportions contributed to, and was placed on a firm theoretical basis by, the atomic theory that atoms, that there was one type of atom for each element, and that the compounds were made of combinations of different types of atoms in fixed proportions.^{[citation needed]}

Non-stoichiometric compounds

It may be noted that although very useful in the foundation of modern chemistry, the laws of definite proportions is not universally true. There exist wüstite, which can contain between 0.83 and 0.95 iron atoms for every oxygen atom, and thus contain anywhere between 23% and 25% oxygen. In general, Proust's measurements were not accurate enough to detect such variations.

In addition, the isotopic composition of an element can vary depending on its source, hence its weight in a pure stoichiometric compound may vary. This fact is used in geochemical dating since astronomical, carbohydrates) even when "pure". Polymers are generally not considered "pure chemical compounds" except when their molecular weight is uniform (monodisperse) and their stoichiometry is constant. In this unusual case, they still may violate the "Law" due to isotopic variations.

References

1. ^ Zumdahl, S. S. “Chemistry” Heath, 1986: Lexington, MA. ISBN: 0-669--04529-2.