Reflux



This article is about using reflux in chemical engineering and chemistry. For the reflux of stomach acids, see articles on heartburn, acid indigestion, and gastroesophageal reflux. For the reflux of urine, see vesicoureteral reflux.

Reflux is a technique used in industrial and laboratory chemistry to apply energy to reactions over a long time.

Reflux in industrial distillation

  The term reflux [1][2] is very widely used in industries that utilize large-scale chemical plants, and natural gas processing plants.

In that context, reflux refers to the portion of the overhead liquid product from a distillation column or fractionator that is returned to the upper part of the column as shown in the schematic diagram of a typical industrial distillation column. Inside the column, the downflowing reflux liquid provides cooling and theoretical plates, the better is the column's separation of lower boiling materials from higher boiling materials. Conversely, for a given desired separation, the more reflux is provided, the fewer theoretical plates are required.

Reflux in laboratory distillation

  The apparatus shown in the diagram represents a batch distillation as opposed to a continuous distillation, the feed mixture enters in the middle of the column.

Reflux to apply energy to chemical reactions

  A liquid reaction mixture is placed in a vessel open only at the top. This vessel is connected to a Liebig condenser, such that any vapours given off are cooled back to liquid, and fall back into the reaction vessel. The vessel is then heated vigorously for the course of the reaction. The purpose is to thermally accelerate the reaction by conducting it at an elevated temperature (i.e. the boiling point.)

The advantage of this technique is that it can be left for a long period of time without the need to add more solvent or fear of the reaction vessel boiling dry as any vapour is immediately solvent will always boil at a certain temperature, one can be sure that the reaction will proceed at a constant temperature. By careful choice of solvent, one can control the temperature within a very narrow range. The constant boiling action also serves to continuously mix the solution, although a magnetic stirring rod mechanism is often used to achieve a uniform solution. This technique is useful for performing chemical reactions under controlled conditions that require substantial time for completion.

The diagram shows a typical reflux apparatus for applying energy to chemical reactions. It includes an optional beaker of water between the reactants and the heat. This is often used as a safety precaution when using flammable reactants and a Bunsen burner in order to keep the flame away from the reactants. In modern laboratories, open flames are avoided due to the many flammable solvents often in use, and electrical heating, (i.e., with a hot plate or mantle) is preferred. Furthermore, a high boiling, thermally stable silicone oil is generally used to immerse the reaction vessel, rather than water which evaporates too readily to be useful for lengthy reactions. Using an oil bath, temperatures of up to several hundred degrees can easily be achieved, which is higher than the boiling point of most commonly used solvents. If even higher temperatures are required, the oil bath can be replaced with a sand bath.

Reflux in beverage distillation

By controlling the temperature of the condenser, a reflux still may be used to ensure that higher boiling point components (which are also of higher fermentation.

See also

References

  1. ^ Kister, Henry Z. (1992). Distillation Design, 1st Edition, McGraw-Hill. 0070349096. 
  2. ^ Perry, Robert H. and Green, Don W. (1984). Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill. 0070494797. 

Gallery

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Concepts in Salt-effect distillation
 
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