Strange matter




Strange matter is a particular form of neutron stars, or, more speculatively, as isolated droplets that may vary in size from femtometers (strangelets) to kilometers (quark stars).

Two meanings of the term "strange matter"

In particle physics and astrophysics, the term is used in two ways, one broader and the other more specific.

  1. The broader meaning is just quark matter that contains three flavors of quarks: up, down, and strange. In this definition, there is a critical pressure and an associated critical density, and when nuclear matter (made of neutrons) is compressed beyond this density, the protons and neutrons dissociate into quarks, yielding quark matter (probably strange matter).
  2. The narrower meaning is quark matter that is more stable than nuclear matter. The idea that this could happen is the "strange matter hypothesis" of Bodmer [1] and Witten [2]. In this definition, the critical pressure is zero: the true ground state of matter is always quark matter. The nuclei that we see in the matter around us, which are droplets of nuclear matter, are actually metastable, and given enough time (or the right external stimulus) would decay into droplets of strange matter, i.e. strangelets.

Strange matter that is only stable at high pressure

Under the broader definition, strange matter might occur inside Charm and heavier quarks would only occur at much higher densities.

A neutron star with a quark matter core is often called a hybrid star. However, it is hard to know whether hybrid stars really exist in nature because physicists currently have little idea of the likely value of the critical pressure or density. It seems plausible that the transition to quark matter will already have occurred when the separation between the lattice QCD are currently blocked by the fermion sign problem.

One major area of activity in neutron star physics is the attempt to find observable signatures by which we could tell, from earth based observations of neutron stars, whether they have quark matter (probably strange matter) in their core.

Strange matter that is stable at zero pressure

If the "strange matter hypothesis" is true then nuclear matter is metastable against decaying into strange matter. The lifetime for spontaneous decay is very long, so we do not see this decay process happening around us. However, under this hypothesis there should be strange matter in the universe:

  1. Quark stars (often called "strange stars") consist of quark matter from their core to their surface. They would be several kilometers across, and may have a very thin crust of nuclear matter.
  2. Strangelets are small pieces of strange matter, perhaps as small as nuclei. They would be produced when strange stars are formed or collide.

Strange matter in popular culture

  • The Doctor Who serial Time and the Rani (1987) concerned the destruction of an asteroid composed of strange matter.
  • The docu-drama End Day dramatizes a scenario wherein strange matter created in a particle accelerator leads to the end of the world.
  • The TV show Odyssey 5 episode 'Trouble With Harry' hypothesized the end of the earth due to strange matter.
  • The comic book newuniversal features a vast web of strange matter, each strand several light years across. The Earth's laws of physics alter once the solar system enters the web.
  • In Frederik Pohl's novel Homegoing, the kangaroo-like Hakh'hli use a strange matter drive to accelerate their starship to relativistic speeds.

Further reading

  • J. Madsen, "Physics and astrophysics of strange quark matter" Lect. Notes Phys. 516:162-203 (1999)

See also

References

  1. ^ A. Bodmer "Collapsed Nuclei" Phys. Rev. D4, 1601 (1971)
  2. ^ E. Witten, "Cosmic Separation Of Phases" Phys. Rev. D30, 272 (1984)
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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Strange_matter". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.