Tungsten carbide

Monotungsten carbide, WC, or Ditungsten Carbide, W₂C, is a chemical compound containing diamond. Tungsten carbide is also used as a scratch-resistant material for jewelry including watch bands and wedding rings.

Uses in machine tools

Carbide cutting surfaces are often useful when machining through materials such as carbon steel or cobalt serves as the matrix. The naturally ductile cobalt metal serves to offset the characteristic brittle behavior of the tungsten carbide ceramic, thus raising its toughness and durability.

Machining with carbide can be difficult, as carbide is more brittle than other tool materials, making it susceptible to chipping and breaking. To offset this, many manufacturers sell carbide inserts and matching insert holders. With this setup, the small carbide insert is held in place by a larger tool made of a less brittle material (usually steel). This gives the benefit of using carbide without the high cost of making the entire tool out of carbide. Most modern face mills use carbide inserts, as well as some lathe tools and endmills.

To increase the life of carbide tools, they are sometimes coated. Four such coatings are TiN (CVD. However if the deposition is performed at too high temperature, an eta phase of a Co₆W₆C tertiary carbide forms at the interface between the carbide and the cobalt phase, facilitating adhesion failure of the coating.

Military use

Tungsten carbide is often used in armor-piercing ammunition, especially where depleted uranium is not available or not politically acceptable. The first use of W₂C projectiles occurred in Luftwaffe tank-hunter squadrons, which used 37 mm autocannon equipped Ju-87G Stuka attack planes to destroy Soviet T-34 tanks in WWII. Owing to the limited German reserves of tungsten, W₂C material was reserved for making machine tools and small numbers of projectiles for the most elite combat pilots, like Hans Rudel. It is an effective penetrator due to its high hardness value combined with a very high density.

Tungsten carbide ammunition can be of the sabot type (a large arrow surrounded by a discarding push cylinder) or a subcaliber ammunition, where copper or other relatively soft material is used to encase the hard penetrating core, the two parts being separated only on impact. The latter is more common in small-caliber arms, while sabots are usually reserved for artillery use.

Tungsten carbide is also an effective neutron reflector and as such was used during early investigations into nuclear chain reactions, particularly for weapons. A criticality accident occurred at Los Alamos National Laboratory on 21 August 1945 when Harry K. Daghlian, Jr. accidentally dropped a tungsten carbide brick onto a neutrons.

In sports

Hard carbides, especially tungsten carbide, are used by athletes, generally on poles which impact hard surfaces. Trekking poles, used by many hikers for balance and to reduce pressure on leg joints, generally use carbide tips in order to gain traction when placed on hard surfaces (like rock); such carbide tips last much longer than other types of tips. Rocks along many popular hiking trails, such as the Appalachian Trail and Pacific Crest Trail, are scratched and pockmarked from hundreds or thousands of impacts from pole tips.^{[citation needed]}

While ski pole tips are generally not made of carbide, since they do not need to be especially hard even to break through layers of ice, rollerski tips usually are. Roller skiing emulates cross country skiing and is used by many skiers to train during warm weather months. Because skiers require traction on asphalt) carbide tips are used in the sport.^{[citation needed]}

Some tire manufacturers, such as Nokian and Schwalbe, offer bicycle tires with tungsten carbide studs for better traction on ice. These are generally preferred over steel studs because of their wear resistance.

Domestic use

Tungsten carbide is used as the rotating ball in the tips of ballpoint pens to disperse ink during writing^[1].

Tungsten carbide can now be found in the inventory of some jewelers, most notably as the primary material in men's wedding bands. When used in this application the bands appear with a lustrous dark hue often buffed to a mirror finish. The finish is highly resistant to scratches and scuffs, holding its mirror-like shine for years.

Many manufacturers of this emerging jewelry state that the use of a cobalt binder may cause unwanted reactions between the cobalt and the natural oils on our skin. Skin oils cause the cobalt to leach from the material. This is said to cause possible irritation of the skin and permanent staining of the jewelry itself. Many manufacturers now advertise that their jewelry is "cobalt free". This is obtained by substituting the cobalt with nickel as a binder.^{[citation needed]}

References

1. ^ How does a ballpoint pen work?. Engineering. HowStuffWorks (1998-2007). Retrieved on 2007-11-16.