Yttrium



39 zirconium
Lu
General
Number yttrium, Y, 39
transition metals
Block d
Appearance silvery white
(2)  g·mol−1
Kr] 4d1 5s2
shell 2, 8, 18, 9, 2
Physical properties
Phase solid
r.t.) 4.472  g·cm−3
Liquid m.p. 4.24  g·cm−3
F)
F)
kJ·mol−1
kJ·mol−1
Heat capacity (25 °C) 26.53  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure
P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T(K) 1883 2075 (2320) (2627) (3036) (3607)
Atomic properties
Crystal structure hexagonal
basic oxide)
Electronegativity 1.22 (Pauling scale)
more) 1st:  600  kJ·mol−1
2nd:  1180  kJ·mol−1
3rd:  1980  kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius 180  pm
Atomic radius (calc.) 212  pm
Covalent radius 162  pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering no data
r.t.) (α, poly) 596 nΩ·m
Thermal conductivity (300 K) 17.2  W·m−1·K−1
r.t.) (α, poly)
10.6 µm/(m·K)
Speed of sound (thin rod) (20 °C) 3300 m/s
Young's modulus 63.5  GPa
Shear modulus 25.6  GPa
Bulk modulus 41.2  GPa
Poisson ratio 0.243
Brinell hardness 589  MPa
CAS registry number 7440-65-5
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of yttrium
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP
87Y syn 3.35 d ε - 87Sr
γ 0.48, 0.38D -
88Y syn 106.6 d ε - 88Sr
γ 1.83, 0.89 -
89Y 100% Y is neutrons
90Y syn 2.67 d β- 2.28 90Zr
γ 2.18 -
91Y syn 58.5 d β- 1.54 91Zr
γ 1.20 -
References

Yttrium (phosphors in cathode ray tube displays, such as those used for televisions.

Notable characteristics

Yttrium is a silver-metallic, lustrous oxidation state of yttrium is +3.

Applications

Yttrium(III) oxide is the most important yttrium compound and is widely used to make Yphosphors that give the red color in color television picture tubes. Other uses:

  • Yttrium oxide is also used to make microwave filters.
  • Yttrium iron, aluminium, and diamond).
  • Small amounts of the element (0.1 to 0.2%) have been used to reduce grain size of magnesium alloys.
  • Used as a polymerization.
  • Yttrium aluminium garnet, lasers.
  • It is used on the electrodes of some high-performance spark plugs.
  • This metal can be used to deoxidize vanadium and other non-ferrous metals.
  • Yttrium is also used in the manufacture of gas mantles for propane lanterns, as a replacement for radioactive.
  • LEDs.
  • Yttrium-90 microspheres have shown promise as a treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • Yttrium was used as a "secret" element in a liquid nitrogen's boiling point (77.1K). (Y1.2Ba0.8CuO4). The matter created was a multi-crystal multi-phase mineral, which was black and green.
  • Yttrium has been studied for possible use as a nodulizer in the making of nodular cast iron which has increased thermal expansion characteristics to glass.
  • Yttrium oxide is used to stabilize the cubic form of zirconia, for use in jewelry, etc.
  • Yttria (yttrium(III) oxide) is used as a sintering additive in the production of porous silicon nitride.
  • Yttrium-90 is used in Zevalin, which is a radioimmunotherapy directed against some types of non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma.

History

Yttrium (named for Ytterby, a Swedish village near Vaxholm) was discovered by Finnish chemist, physicist, and mineralogist gadolinite mineral from Ytterby.

In 1843, the Swedish chemist Carl Mosander was able to show that yttria could be divided into the oxides (or earths) of three different elements. "Yttria" was the name which was retained for the most basic one, which also happened to comprise the bulk of the crude mixture (typically about two-thirds) and the others were re-named erbia and terbia. (Later in the 19th century, both of these would also be shown to be complex, although the names would be retained for the most characteristic component of each.)

A quarry is located near the village of Ytterby that yielded many unusual minerals that contained ytterbium, and yttrium have all been named after this same small village.

Occurrence

This element is found in almost all calcium metal but it can also be produced using other techniques. It is difficult to separate from other rare earths and when extracted, is a dark gray powder. The original "rare earths" ceria (1803) and yttria (1794) reflect the great geochemical divide that occurs between the light and heavy lanthanides due to "lanthanide contraction". The lighter lanthanides, with a larger radius, partition into minerals in sites with a higher coordination number (e.g. monazite), whereas the smaller heavy lanthanides prefer a slightly lower coordination number (as in xenotime). The lighter lanthanides are also more relatively abundant in the earth's outer crust than the heavies, relative to the abundance in chondritic meteorites, due to size fractionation. Yttrium falls into the middle of the heavy group in size, and thus inevitably occurs with these in minerals, where it comprises about two-thirds of the mixed oxides by weight. This composition is typical of gadolinite, xenotime, and certain ion adsorption clays currently mined in the south of China.

Lunar Rock samples from the Apollo program have a relatively high yttrium content.

See also yttrium minerals.

Isotopes

Main article: isotopes of yttrium

Natural yttrium is composed of only one beta emission. Twenty six unstable isotopes have been characterized.

Y-90 exists in equilibrium with its parent isotope strontium-90, which is a product of nuclear explosions.

Precautions

Compounds that contain this element are rarely encountered by most people but should be considered to be highly toxic even though many compounds pose little risk[citation needed]. Yttrium salts may be carcinogenic[citation needed]. This element is not normally found in human tissue and plays no known biological role.

See also

References

  1. ^ Yttrium: yttrium(II) hydride compound data. WebElements.com. Retrieved on 2007-12-10.
  2. ^ Yttrium: yttrium(I) bromide compound data. OpenMOPAC.net. Retrieved on 2007-12-10.
  3. ^ Sound file - pronunciation [1]
 
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