Zonisamide



Zonisamide
Systematic (IUPAC) name
1,2-benzisoxazole-3-methanesulfonamide
Identifiers
CAS number 68291-97-4
ATC code N03AX15
PubChem 5734
DrugBank APRD00004
Chemical data
S 
Mol. mass 212.227 g/mol
Physical data
Melt. point 162 °C (324 °F)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability  ?
Protein binding 40%
Metabolism Hepatic
Half life 105 hours in red blood cells, 63 hours in plasma
Excretion Renal
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat.

C(US)

Legal status

℞ Prescription only

Routes Oral

Zonisamide is a sulfonamide anticonvulsant approved for use as an adjunctive therapy in adults with partial-onset seizures.

History

Zonisamide was discovered by Uno and colleagues in 1972[1] and launched by Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma (大日本住友製薬 Dainippon Sumitomo Seiyaku?) in 2004.[3] Eisai also markets Zonegran in Asia (China, Taiwan, and fourteen others)[4] and Europe (starting in Germany and the United Kingdom).[5]

Indications

Epilepsy

Zonisamide is approved in the United States,[6] United Kingdom,[7] for adjunctive treatment of partial seizures in adults and in Japan for both adjunctive and monotherapy for partial seizures (simple, complex, secondarily generalized), generalized (tonic, tonic-clonic (grand mal), and atypical absence) and combined seizures.[8]

Parkinson's

An open trial on zonisamide in seven Parkinson's disease patients had positive results, according to this 2001 report.[9] Since then, it has been reported to treat the resting tremor that other therapies may leave behind.[10] By early November of 2005, Dainippon Sumitomo had filed a NDA for the use of zonisamide in Parkinson's disease; it is to be marketed as Tremode.[11]

Obesity

It has also been studied for obesity[12] with significant positive effects on body weight and there are three ongoing clinical trials for this indication.[13][14][15]

Migraines

Zonisamide has been studied for and used as a migraine preventative medication, and has also been shown to be effective in some cases of neuropathic pain. It has also been used by psychiatrists as a mood stabilizer.[16][17]

Metabolism

Zonisamide is metabolized mostly by the benzisoxazole ring.[19]

Mechanism of action

The exact mechanism of action is not known for zonisamide. According to Leppik, while zonisamide may be a transport protein in the brain while decreasing the amount of GABA transport protein, in other words, inhibiting the uptake of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA while enhancing the uptake of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate.[23]

Side effects

The most common side effects include drowsiness, loss of appetite, dizziness, headache, nausea, and agitation/irritability.

Interactions

Zonisamide and other hydrochlorothiazide have been known to interfere with amobarbital, which has led to inadequate anesthetization during the Wada test.[24]

Additionally, the metabolism of zonisamide is inhibited by carbamazepine in descending order.[25]

References and end notes

  1. ^ Shah, Jaymin; Kent Shellenberger, Daniel M. Canafax [1972] (2002-06-15). "Zonisamide", in René H. Levy, Richard H. Mattson, Brian S. Meldrum, and Emilio Perrucca (ed.): Antiepileptic Drugs, Fifth, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 873. ISBN 0-7817-2321-3. 
  2. ^ Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd. (2005). Company History. Company Information. Dainippon Sumitomo Co., Ltd.. Retrieved on 12 November, 2005.
  3. ^ Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (2004). Transfer of Rights Agreement for North America and Europe Reached on Zonegran. News Releases for Dainippon Pharmaceutical in 2004. Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd. Retrieved on 12 November, 2005.
  4. ^ Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (2005). Dainippon Pharmaceutical and Eisai Conclude Agreement for the Development, Manufacture and Marketing of the Anti-Epileptic Agent Zonisamide in Asia. Dainippon Pharmaceutical News Releases for 2005. Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd.. Retrieved on 12 November, 2005.
  5. ^ Eisai Co., Ltd. (2005). Eisai Announces Launch of Zonegran (zonisamide), Treatment For Epilepsy In the UK and Germany. Eisai 2005 News Releases. Eisai Co., Ltd.. Retrieved on 12 November, 2005.
  6. ^ Élan Pharmaceuticals Inc (2003). NDA 20-789/S-001; Zonegran (zonisamide) Capsules 25, 50, 100 mg FDA Approvable Labeling Text - August 22 2003 (PDF). Zonisamide Approval History. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved on 2005-11-13.
  7. ^ Eisai Ltd. (2005). Zonegran Summary of Product Characteristics. electronic Medicines Compendium. Medicines.org.uk. Retrieved on 2005-11-13.
  8. ^ Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (2004). EXCEGRAN Tablets 100 mg & EXCEGRAN Powder 20% (English). Retrieved on 2006-03-13.
  9. ^ Murata, Miho; Horiuchi Emiko and Kanazawa Ichiro (December 2001). "Zonisamide has beneficial effects on Parkinson's disease patients". Neuroscience Research 41 (4): 397–9. PubMed.
  10. ^ Nakanishi, I; Kohmoto J, Miwa H, Kondo T (August 2003). "[Effect of zonisamide on resting tremor resistant to antiparkinsonian medication]". No To Shinkei 55 (8): 685–9. PubMed.
  11. ^ Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd. (2005). New Drugs in the R&D Pipeline (under development by DSP) (PDF). List of Product Development Project. Retrieved on 2005-11-21.
  12. ^ Gadde, Kishore M.; Deborah M. Franciscy, H. Ryan Wagner, II; K. Ranga R. Krishnan (April 2003). "Zonisamide for Weight Loss in Obese Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial". Journal of the American Medical Association 289 (14): 1820–1825. PubMed.
  13. ^ University of Cincinnati (2005). Zonegran in the Treatment of Binge Eating Disorder Associated With Obesity. ClinicalTrials.gov. Retrieved on 2006-05-04.
  14. ^ Tuscaloosa Research & Education Advancement Corporation (2005). Zonegran for the Treatment of Weight Gain Associated With Psychotropic Medication Use: A Placebo-Controlled Trial. ClinicalTrials.gov. Retrieved on 2006-05-04.
  15. ^ National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) (2006). Zonisamide for Weight Reduction in Obese Adults. ClinicalTrials.gov. Retrieved on 2006-05-04.
  16. ^ Dr. Brian D. Loftus (2004). Zonegran. Retrieved on 2006-11-29.
  17. ^ Hasegawa, Hisanori (May 2004). "Utilization of zonisamide in patients with chronic pain or epilepsy refractory to other treatments: a retrospective, open label, uncontrolled study in a VA hospital". Curr Med Research Opinion 20 (5): 577–580. PubMed.
  18. ^ Ohmori, S.; Nakasa H, Asanome K, Kurose Y, Ishii I, Hosokawa M, Kitada M (1998 May 8). "Differential catalytic properties in metabolism of endogenous and exogenous substrates among CYP3A enzymes expressed in COS-7 cells". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1380 (3): 297-304. PubMed.
  19. ^ Stiff, D. D.; Robicheau JT, Zemaitis MA. (January 1992). "Reductive metabolism of the anticonvulsant agent zonisamide, a 1,2-benzisoxazole derivative". Xenobiotica 22 (1): 1-11. PubMed.
  20. ^ Leppik, Ilo E. (December 2004). "Zonisamide: chemistry, mechanism of action, and pharmacokinetics". Seizure 13 (Suppl 1): S5-9; discussion S10. doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2004.04.016. PubMed.
  21. ^ Mimaki, T.; Suzuki Y, Tagawa T, Karasawa T, Yabuuchi H (March 1990). "Interaction of zonisamide with benzodiazepine and GABA receptors in rat brain". Medical Journal of Osaka University 39 (1-4): 13-7. PubMed.
  22. ^ Mimaki, T.; Suzuki Y, Tagawa T, Karasawa T, Yabuuchi H (1990 March). "[3H]zonisamide binding in rat brain". Medical Journal of Osaka University 39 (1-4): 19-22. PubMed.
  23. ^ Ueda, Yuto; Doi Taku, Tokumaru Jun, and L. James Willmore (2003 August 19). "Effect of zonisamide on molecular regulation of glutamate and GABA transporter proteins during epileptogenesis in rats with hippocampal seizures". Molecular Brain Research 116 (1-2): 1-6. doi:10.1016/S0169-328X(03)00183-9. PubMed.
  24. ^ Bookheimer, Susan; Schrader, Lara M.; Rausch, Rebecca; Sankar, Raman; Engel, Jerome Jr. (February 2005). "Reduced anesthetization during the intracarotid amobarbital (Wada) test in patients taking carbonic anhydrase-inhibiting medications". Epilepsia 46 (2): 236. doi:10.1111/j.0013-9580.2005.23904.x.
  25. ^ Nakasa, H.; Nakamura H, Ono S, Tsutsui M, Kiuchi M, Ohmori S, Kitada M. (April 1998). "Prediction of drug-drug interactions of zonisamide metabolism in humans from in vitro data". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 54 (2): 177–83. PubMed.
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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Zonisamide". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.