Kroll process



The Kroll process is a zirconium. The Kroll process replaced the Hunter process for almost all commercial production.[1]

The process

Refined stainless steel retort to ensure complete reduction:[2]

2Ti(s) [T = 800-850 °C]

Complications for the process result from partial reduction of the titanium to its lower chlorides arc furnace. The melted ingot, is allowed to solidify under vacuum. It is often remelted to remove inclusions and ensure uniformity. These melting steps add to the cost of the product. Titanium is about six times as expensive as stainless steel.

History and subsequent developments

The Hunter process was replaced by Kroll's process. The Kroll process has not been replaced by a molten FFC Cambridge process,[3] has been patented for a solid electrolytic solution, and its implementation would eliminate the titanium-sponge processing.

See also

  • Chloride process

References

  1. ^ Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
  2. ^ Habashi, F. (ed.) Handbook of Extractive Metallurgy 1129±1180 Wiley-VCH, Weinham, 1997.
  3. ^ G. Z. Chen, D. J. Fray, T. W. Farthing (2000). "Direct Electrochemical Reduction of Titanium Dioxide to Titanium in Molten Calcium Chloride". Nature 407: 361-4. doi:10.1038/35030069.

Further reading

  • P.Kar, Mathematical modeling of phase change electrodes with application to the FFC process, PhD thesis; UC, Berkeley, 2007.
 
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