Praseodymium



For other meanings of the abbreviation Pr, see PR.
59 neodymium
-
↑
Pr
↓
Pa
General
Number praseodymium, Pr, 59
lanthanides
Block f
Appearance grayish white
(2)  g·mol−1
Xe] 4f3 6s2
shell 2, 8, 18, 21, 8, 2
Physical properties
Phase solid
r.t.) 6.77  g·cm−3
Liquid m.p. 6.50  g·cm−3
F)
F)
kJ·mol−1
kJ·mol−1
Heat capacity (25 °C) 27.20  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure
P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T(K) 1771 1973 (2227) (2571) (3054) (3779)
Atomic properties
Crystal structure hexagonal
basic oxide)
Electronegativity 1.13 (Pauling scale)
more) 1st:  527  kJ·mol−1
2nd:  1020  kJ·mol−1
3rd:  2086  kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius 185  pm
Atomic radius (calc.) 247  pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering no data
r.t.) (α, poly)
0.700 µΩ·m
Thermal conductivity (300 K) 12.5  W·m−1·K−1
r.t.) (α, poly)
6.7 µm/(m·K)
Speed of sound (thin rod) (20 °C) 2280 m/s
Young's modulus (α form) 37.3  GPa
Shear modulus (α form) 14.8  GPa
Bulk modulus (α form) 28.8  GPa
Poisson ratio (α form) 0.281
Vickers hardness 400  MPa
Brinell hardness 481  MPa
CAS registry number 7440-10-0
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of praseodymium
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP
141Pr 100% Pr is neutrons
142Pr syn 19.12 h β- 2.162 142Nd
ε 0.745 142Ce
143Pr syn 13.57 d β- 0.934 143Nd
References

Praseodymium (atomic number 59.

Notable characteristics

Praseodymium is a soft silvery mineral oil or sealed in glass.

Applications

Uses of praseodymium:

  • cubic- zirconia (with no coloring ) although most compounds are green
  • As an magnesium to create high-strength metals that are used in aircraft engines.
  • Praseodymium forms the core of carbon arc lights which are used in the motion picture industry for studio lighting and projector lights.
  • Praseodymium compounds give glasses and enamels a yellow color.
  • Praseodymium is used to color cubic zirconia yellow-green, to simulate peridot.
  • Praseodymium is a component of didymium glass, which is used to make certain types of welder's and glass blower's goggles.
  • The group of Dr. Matthew Sellars of the Laser Physics Centre at the Australian National University in Canberra, Australia slowed down a light pulse to a few hundred meters per second using praseodymium mixed with silicate crystal.
  • Praseodymium alloyed with absolute zero[1].
  • Doping Praseodymium in fluoride glass can be used as single mode fiber amplifier
  • Praseodymium oxide in solid solution with ceria, or with ceria-zirconia, have been used as oxidation catalysts.

History

The name praseodymium comes from the Greek prasios, meaning green, and didymos, twin. Praseodymium is frequently misspelled as praseodynium.

In 1841, Mosander extracted the rare earth salts of different colors.

Leo Moser (not to be confused with Leo Moser, a mathematician) investigated the use of praseodymium in glass coloration in the late 1920s. The result was a yellow-green glass given the name "Prasemit". However, a similar color could be achieved with colorants costing only a minute fraction of what praseodymium cost in the late 1920s, such that the color was not popular, few pieces were made, and examples are now extremely rare. Moser also blended praseodymium with neodymium to produce "Heliolite" glass ("Heliolit" in German), which was more widely accepted. The first enduring commercial use of praseodymium, which continues today, is in the form of a yellow-orange stain for ceramics, "Praseodymium Yellow", which is a solid-solution of praseodymium in the zirconium silicate (zircon) lattice. This stain has no hint of green in it. By contrast, at sufficiently high loadings, praseodymium glass is distinctly green, rather than pure yellow.

Praseodymium has historically been a rare earth whose supply has exceeded demand. Unwanted as such, much praseodymium has been marketed as a mixture with lanthanum and cerium, or "LCP" for the first letters of each of the constituents, for use in replacing the traditional lanthanide mixtures that were inexpensively made from monazite or bastnaesite. LCP is what remains of such mixtures, after the desirable neodymium, and all the heavier, rarer and more valuable lanthanides have been removed, by solvent extraction. However, as technology progresses, praseodymium has been found possible to incorporate into neodymium-iron-boron magnets, thereby extending the supply of the much in demand neodymium. So LC is starting to replace LCP as a result.

Occurrence

Praseodymium is available in small quantities in Earth’s crust (9.5 bastnasite, typically comprising about 5% of the lanthanides contained therein, and can be recovered from bastnasite or monazite by an ion exchange process, or by counter-current solvent extraction.

Praseodymium also makes up about 5% of misch metal.

Compounds

Praseodymium compounds include:

  • Fluorides: PrF2, PrF3, PrF4
  • PrCl3
  • Bromides: PrBr3, Pr2Br5
  • Iodides: PrI2, PrI3, Pr2I5
  • Oxides: PrO2, Pr2O3, Pr6O11
  • Sulfides: PrS, Pr2S3
  • Selenides: PrSe
  • Tellurides: PrTe, Pr2Te3
  • Nitrides: PrN

See also praseodymium compounds.

Isotopes

Main article: isotopes of praseodymium

Naturally occurring praseodymium is composed of one stable radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 5.985 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 33 seconds. This element also has six meta states with the most stable being 138mPr (t½ 2.12 hours), 142mPr (t½ 14.6 minutes) and 134mPr (t½ 11 minutes).

The isotopes of praseodymium range in neodymium) isotopes.

Precautions

Like all rare earths, praseodymium is of low to moderate toxicity. Praseodymium has no known biological role.

References

  1. ^ Emsley, John (2001). NATURE'S BUILDING BLOCKS. Oxford University Press, pp. 342. ISBN 0-1985-0341-5. 
  • Los Alamos National Laboratory – Praseodymium
 
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