Pyridine



Pyridine
IUPAC name Pyridine
Other names Azabenzene
Azine
py
Identifiers
CAS number [110-86-1&c=0&v= [110-86-1]]
SMILES C1=NC=CC=C1
Properties
Molecular formula C5H5N
Appearance colourless liquid
Density 0.9819 g/cm³, liquid
Melting point

−41.6 °C

Boiling point

115.2 °C

Solubility in water Miscible
Viscosity 0.94 cP at 20 °C
Hazards
MSDS External MSDS
EU classification Flammable (F)
Harmful (Xn)
NFPA 704
3
2
0
 
Flash point 21 °C
Related Compounds
Related amines Picoline
Quinoline
Related compounds Pyrimidine
Supplementary data page
Structure and
properties 		εr, etc.
Thermodynamic
data 		Phase behaviour
Solid, liquid, gas
Spectral data MS
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for
materials in their standard state
(at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox disclaimer and references

Pyridine is a ligand in coordination chemistry. As a ligand, it is usually abbreviated py.

Basicity

  Pyridine has a bond lengths and bond angles in pyridine and the pyridinium ion are almost identical[1] because protonation does not affect the aromatic pi system.

Pyridine as a solvent

Pyridine is widely used as a versatile NMR spectroscopy.

Role in chemical synthesis

Pyridine is important in industrial organic chemistry, both as a fundamental building block and as a solvent and reagent in Knoevenagel condensations.

Pyridine-C-O bond scission upon reduction with hydride agents.

It is also a starting material in the synthesis of compounds used as an intermediate in making insecticides, herbicides, pharmaceuticals, food flavorings, dyeing aid for textiles.

Preparation and occurrence

Many methods exist in industry and in the laboratory (some of them named reactions) for the synthesis of pyridine and its derivatives:[3] Pyridine was originally isolated industrially from crude acrolein:

CH2O + NH3 + 2 CH3CHO → C5H5N + 3 H2O

By substituting other aldehydes for acetaldehyde, one obtains alkyl and aryl substituted pyridines. 26,000 tons were produced worldwide in 1989.[4]

  • The Hantzsch pyridine synthesis is a multicomponent reaction involving formaldehyde, a keto-ester and a nitrogen donor.
  • Other examples of the pyridine class can be formed by the reaction of 1,5-diacetic acid followed by oxidation. This reaction is called the "Kröhnke pyridine synthesis."
  • Pyridium salts can be obtained in the Zincke reaction.
  • The "Ciamician-Dennstedt Rearrangement" (1881) is the ring-expansion of dichlorocarbene to 3-chloropyridine and HCl[5]
  • In the "Chichibabin pyridine synthesis" (Aleksei Chichibabin, 1906) the reactants are three equivalents of a linear ammonia

Organic reactions

In Nucleophilic substitutions.

  • Pyridine is a good donor number of 33.1. It is easily attacked by alkylating agents to give N-alkylpyridinium salts.
  • carbinol also at C2[6].

Safety and Environmental

Pyridine is toxic with LD50 in rats (oral) of 891 mg kg–1. It is volatile and can be absorbed through skin. Available data indicate that "exposure to pyridine in drinking-water led to reduction of sperm motility at all dose levels in mice and increased estrous cycle length at the highest dose level in rats".[7] Currently its evaluations as a possible carcinogenic agent showed there is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of pyridine, albeit there is limited evidence of carcinogenic effects on animals.[7] Effects of an acute pyridine intoxication include dizziness, headache, nausea and anorexia. Further symptoms include abdominal pain and pulmonary congestion.[7] Though resistant to oxidation, pyridine is readily degraded by bacteria, releasing ammonium and carbon dioxide as terminal degradation products.[8]

Related compounds

Structurally or chemically related compounds are

  • DMAP is short for 4-dimethylaminopyridine
  • viologen are simple polypyridine compounds consisting of two pyridine molecules joined by a single bond
  • Terpyridine, a molecule of three pyridine rings connected together by two single bonds.
  • Quinoline and Isoquinoline have pyridine and a benzene ring fused together.
  • NH2 group and NOT a pyridine
  • Pyramidine
  • tetrazine has four nitrogen atoms
  • 2,6-Lutidine is a trivial name for 2,6-dimethylpyridine.
  • Collidine is the trivial name for 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine.
  • Pyridinium p-p-toluenesulfonic acid
  • 2-Chloropyridine is a toxic environmentally significant component of the breakdown of the pesticide imidacloprid.

See also

References

  1. ^ T. M. Krygowski, H. Szatyowicz, and J. E. Zachara J. Org. Chem. 2005 70(22) 8859 - 8865; doi:10.1021/jo051354h.
  2. ^ Sherman, A. R. “Pyridine” in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (Ed: L. Paquette) 2004, J. Wiley & Sons, New York. doi:10.1002/047084289.
  3. ^ Gilchrist, T.L. (1997). Heterocyclic Chemistry ISBN 0470204818
  4. ^ Shinkichi Shimizu, Nanao Watanabe, Toshiaki Kataoka, Takayuki Shoji, Nobuyuki Abe, Sinji Morishita, Hisao Ichimura "Pyridine and Pyridine Derivatives" in "Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry" 2007; John Wiley & Sons: New York.
  5. ^ Ciamician-Dennstedt Rearrangement @ drugfuture.com Link
  6. ^ Histamine Antagonists. Basically Substituted Pyridine Derivatives Charles H. Tilford, Robert S. Shelton, and M. G. van Campen J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 1948; 70(12) pp 4001 - 4009; doi:10.1021/ja01192a010
  7. ^ a b c International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (2000-08-22). Pyridine Summary & Evaluation (HTML). IARC Summaries & Evaluations. IPCS INCHEM. Retrieved on 2007-01-17.
  8. ^ Sims, G.K. and O'Loughlin, E.J. (1989). "Degradation of pyridines in the environment". CRC Critical Reviews in Environmental Control 19 (4): 309-340.


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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Pyridine". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.