Tin



50 antimony
Pb
General
Number tin, Sn, 50
poor metals
Block p
Appearance silvery lustrous gray
(7)  g·mol−1
Kr] 4d10 5s² 5p²
shell 2, 8, 18, 18, 4
Physical properties
Phase solid
r.t.) (white) 7.265  g·cm−3
r.t.) (gray) 5.769  g·cm−3
Liquid m.p. 6.99  g·cm−3
F)
F)
kJ·mol−1
kJ·mol−1
Heat capacity (25 °C) (white)
27.112  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure
P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T(K) 1497 1657 1855 2107 2438 2893
Atomic properties
Crystal structure tetragonal
amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity 1.96 (Pauling scale)
more) 1st:  708.6  kJ·mol−1
2nd:  1411.8  kJ·mol−1
3rd:  2943.0  kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius 145  pm
Atomic radius (calc.) 145  pm
Covalent radius 141  pm
Van der Waals radius 217 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering no data
Electrical resistivity (0 °C) 115 nΩ·m
Thermal conductivity (300 K) 66.8  W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion (25 °C) 22.0  µm·m−1·K−1
r.t.) (rolled) 2730  m·s−1
Young's modulus 50  GPa
Shear modulus 18  GPa
Bulk modulus 58  GPa
Poisson ratio 0.36
Mohs hardness 1.5
Brinell hardness 51  MPa
CAS registry number 7440-31-5
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of tin
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP
112Sn 0.97% Sn is neutrons
114Sn 0.66% Sn is neutrons
115Sn 0.34% Sn is neutrons
116Sn 14.54% Sn is neutrons
117Sn 7.68% Sn is neutrons
118Sn 24.22% Sn is neutrons
119Sn 8.59% Sn is neutrons
120Sn 32.58% Sn is neutrons
122Sn 4.63% Sn is neutrons
124Sn 5.79% Sn is neutrons
126Sn syn ~1 E5 y Beta- 0.380 126Sb
References

    Tin is a bronze.

Notable characteristics

Tin is a malleable, ductile, highly oxygen is in solution and helps accelerate chemical attack. Tin forms the dioxide SnO2 when it is heated in the presence of hydrogen from dilute acids. Tin is malleable at ordinary temperatures but is brittle when it is heated.

Allotropes

Tin's chemical properties fall between those of metals and non-metals, just as the semiconductors allotropes at normal pressure and temperature: gray tin and white tin.

Below 13.2 °semiconductor applications.

When warmed above 13.2 °C tin changes into white or beta tin, which is metallic and has a tetragonal structure. Converting gray tin powder into white tin produces white tin powder. To convert powdery gray tin into solid white tin the temperature must be raised above the melting point of tin.

Gray tin can cause undesirable effects in applications where the metallic properties of tin are important, since metallic white tin will slowly convert to gray tin if it is held for a long time below 13.2 °C. The metallic surface of white tin becomes covered with a gray powder which is easily rubbed off. The gray patches slowly expand until all of the tin in the object is converted from the metal to the powder, at which point it loses its structural integrity and may fall to pieces. This process is known as tin disease or bismuth.

Applications

Tin bonds readily to steel containers are widely used for food preservation, and this forms a large part of the market for metallic tin. Speakers of British English call them "tins"; Americans call them "cans" or "tin cans". One thus-derived use of the slang term "tinnie" or "tinny" means "can of beer". The tin whistle is so called because it was first mass-produced in tin-plated steel.

Other uses:

  • Some important tin White metal.
  • The most important salt formed is stannous chloride, which has found use as a reducing agent and as a mordant in the calico printing process. Electrically conductive coatings are produced when tin salts are sprayed onto glass. These coatings have been used in panel lighting and in the production of frost-free windshields.
  • Most metal pipes in a pipe organ are made of varying amounts of a tin/lead alloy, with 50%/50% being the most common. The amount of tin in the pipe defines the pipe's tone, since tin is the most tonally resonant of all metals. When a tin/lead alloy cools, the lead cools slightly faster and makes a mottled or spotted effect. This metal alloy is referred to as spotted metal.
  • Window glass is most often made via floating molten glass on top of molten tin (creating float glass) in order to make a flat surface (this is called the "Pilkington process").
  • Tin is also used in lead-tin alloy, the use of pure tin or tin alloyed with other metals in these applications is rapidly supplanting the use of the previously common lead–containing alloys in order to eliminate the problems of toxicity caused by lead.
  • Tin foil was once a common wrapping material for foods and drugs; replaced in the early 20th century by the use of cannabis or for a can of beer.

Tin becomes a kilograms is capable of producing magnetic fields comparable to a conventional electromagnet weighing tons.

History

Tin (Old English: tin, Old Latin: plumbum candidum ("white lead"), Old German: tsin, Late Latin: stannum) is one of the earliest metals known and was used as a component of Dartmoor) in Classical times, and a thriving tin trade developed with the civilizations of the Mediterranean[2][3]. However the lone metal was not used until about 600 BC. The last Cornish Tin Mine, at South Crofty near Camborne closed in 1998 bringing 4,000 years of mining in Cornwall to an end, but as of 2007 increased demand from China may lead to its re-opening. [4].

The word "tin" has cognates in many Germanic and Celtic languages. The American Heritage Dictionary speculates that the word was borrowed from a pre-Indo-European language. The later name "stannum" and its Romance derivatures come from the lead-silver alloy of the same name for the finding of the latter in ores; the former "stagnum" was the word for a stale pool or puddle.

In modern times, the word "tin" is often improperly used as a generic phrase for any silvery metal that comes in sheets. Most everyday materials that are commonly called "tin", such as steel or aluminum, although tin cans (tinned cans) do contain a thin coating of tin to inhibit rust. Likewise, so-called "tin toys" are usually made of steel, and may or may not have a coating of tin to inhibit rust.

Occurrence

  In 2005, China was the largest producer of tin, with at least one-third of the world's share, closely followed by Indonesia and South America, reports the British Geological Survey.

Tin is produced by reducing the ore with coal in a reverberatory furnace. This metal is a relatively scarce element with an abundance in the Earth's crust of about 2 teallite. Secondary, or scrap, tin is also an important source of the metal.

Tasmania hosts some deposits of historical importance, most notably Mount Bischoff and Renison Bell.

It is esimtated that, at current consumption rates, the Earth will run out of tin in 40 years.[5] However Lester Brown has suggested tin could run out within 20 years based on an extremely conservative extrapolation of 2% growth per year.[6]


see also Category:Tin minerals

Isotopes

Main article: isotopes of tin

Tin is the element with the greatest number of stable isotopes (ten), which is probably related to the fact that 50 is a "doubly magic" tin-100 (100Sn) (discovered in 1994)[7].

Compounds

For discussion of Stannate compounds (SnO32-) see Stannate. For Stannite (SnO2-) see Stannite. See also Stannous hydroxide (Sn(OH)2), Stannic acid (Stannic Hydroxide - Sn(OH)4), Tin dioxide (Stannic Oxide - SnO2), Tin(II) oxide (Stannous Oxide - SnO), Tin(II) chloride (SnCl2), Tin(IV) chloride (SnCl4)

see also category:Tin compounds

See also

References

  1. ^ Le Coureur, Penny, and Jay Burreson. Napoleon's Buttons: 17 Molecules that Changed History. New York: Penguin Group USA, 2004.
  2. ^ Wake, H. (2006-04-07). Why Claudius invaded Britain (HTML) (English). Etrusia - Roman History. Retrieved on 2007-01-12.
  3. ^ McKeown, James (1999-01). The Romano-British Amphora Trade to 43 A.D: An Overview (HTML) (English). Retrieved on 2007-01-12.
  4. ^ Hickman, Leo (2007-11-30). The Return of Tin (HTML) (English). Retrieved on 2007-12-04.
  5. ^ (May 26, 2007) "How Long Will it Last?". New Scientist 194 (2605): 38-39. ISSN 4079 0262 4079.
  6. ^ Brown, Lester Plan B 2.0, New York: W.W. Norton, 2006. p. 109
  7. ^ Phil Walker (1994). "Doubly Magic Discovery of Tin-100". PHYSICS WORLD 7 (June).
  • Los Alamos National Laboratory: Tin
 
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