Anadenanthera peregrina



Anadenanthera peregrina

Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Mimosoideae
Genus: Anadenanthera
Species: A. peregrina
Binomial name
Anadenanthera peregrina
Speg.

Range of Anadenanthera peregrina
Synonyms

Acacia angustiloba DC.
Acacia microphylla Willd.
Acacia peregrina (L.) Willd.
Inga niopo Willd.
Mimosa acacioides Benth.
Mimosa niopo (Willd.) Poiret
Mimosa parvifolia Poiret
Mimosa peregrina L.
Niopa peregrina (L.) Britton & Rose
Piptadenia niopo (Willd.) Spruce
Piptadenia peregrina (L.) Benth.
[1]

Anadenanthera peregrina, also known as Yopo, Cohoba, Mopo, Nopo or Parica, is a perennial tree of the entheogen used in healing ceremonies and rituals.

Related species

The usage complex of yopo is almost identical to that of a related tree, Anadenanthera colubrina, commonly known as Cebíl or Vilca. The beans of A. colubrina have a similar chemical makeup as Anadenanthera peregrina, with their primary constituent being 5-OH-DMT (bufotenin).

Botanical varieties

Uses

Gum

The gum contains angicose, a sugar.[2]

Traditional medicine

Bark

The bark is used to treat allergies, asthma, cough, diarrhea, dysentery, flatulence, hemorrhage and pneumonia.[2]

Gum

The gum is used to treat asthma, bruises, cough, gonorrhea, pneumonia and ulcers.[2]

Tannin

The tree's bark contains a high-quality tannin. It is said to be better than that of quebracho and mangrove.[3]

Wood

The wood from A. peregrina is very hard and it is good for making furniture.[4] It has a Janka rating of 3700 lb.[5] and a density of around 0.86 g/cm³.[6]

Warnings

Medicine from the tree definitely should not be used internally for pregnant women or infants. The beans (sometimes called seeds) and falling leaves are hallucinogenic and are toxic to cattle.[2]

Chemical compounds

Chemical compounds contained in A. peregrina include:

The bark and leaves contain tannin and the beans contain saponin.[2]

Entheogenic uses

This section is missing citations or needs footnotes.
Using inline citations helps guard against copyright violations and factual inaccuracies. (August 2007)

Traditional usage

 

Archeological evidence shows Anadenanthera beans have been used as Radiocarbon testing of the material gave a date of 2130 B.C., suggesting Anadenanthera use as a hallucinogen is over 4000 years old.[11] Snuff trays and tubes similar to those commonly used for yopo were found in the central Peruvian coast dating back to 1200 B.C., suggesting that insufflation of Anadenanthera beans is a more recent method of use.[12]

Some indigenous peoples of the Orinoco basin in Colombia, Venezuela and possibly in the southern part of the Brazilian Amazon make use of yopo snuff for spiritual healing. Yopo snuff was also widely used in ceremonial contexts in the Caribbean area, including Cuba and La Española, up to the Spanish Conquest.

Yopo snuff is usually blown into the user's nostrils by another person through bamboo tubes or sometimes snuffed by the user using bird bone tubes. Blowing is more effective as this method allows more powder to enter the nose and is said to be less irritating. In some areas the unprocessed ground beans are snuffed or smoked producing a much weaker effect with stronger physical symptoms. Some tribes use yopo along with Banisteriopsis caapi to increase and prolong the visionary effects, creating an experience similar to that of ayahuasca.

Snuff preparation

To make the Vilca, can be prepared from the related Anadenanthera colubrina.

Entheogenic effects

Shamans use yopo in a spiritual context much like ayahuasca is used. Use of yopo may actually predate Ayahuasca usage. Many shamans believe the visionary dream-state induced by yopo allows them to contact spirits in the spirit world to gain knowledge about medicinal plants, how to treat an illness, etc. The effects of properly made insufflated yopo are similar to the effects of vaporized Yohimbe. The mind normally remains clear and focused during the entire experience. Some users may experience transient nausea. At high doses, users may feel sweaty, become nervous, experience difficulty it walking, lose motor control, and may enter into a trance state.

Shamans sometimes combine yopo with Banisteriopsis caapi. The Banisteriopsis caapi is usually chewed before, during, and after yopo is insufflated. This intensifies and prolongs the visionary state produced by yopo. The combined effects are more dream-like and very similar to ayahuasca.

Active constituents

This section cites its sources but does not provide page references.
You can improve this section by introducing citations that are more precise.


All or part of this article may be confusing or unclear.
Please help clarify the article. Suggestions may be on the talk page. (August 2007)
This section may contain original research or unverified claims.
Please improve the article by adding references. See the talk page for details. (September 2007)

Bufotenin and Ca + 5-O-DMT

Bufotenine is the main active constituent of unprocessed yopo. Modern tests, prepared by the DEA and others, have shown that only bufotenin is present in active amounts in the beans.[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] It must be noted that because bufotenine is a phenolic compound, the lengthy snuff processing with calcium hydroxide converts bufotenine into Ca + 5-O-DMT (calcium bufotenate/bufotenoxide). Ca + 5-O-DMT is a hallucinogen like DMT and psilocin and very unlike bufotenine. Snuff prepared without calcium hydroxide will contain large amount of bufotenine and no Ca + 5-O-DMT, and will produce nausea, tension, and a completely different hallucinogenic effect very unlike DMT and psilocin. Snuffs made with ammonia and other weak bases instead of calcium hydroxide, will create free base bufotenine and not Ca + 5-O-DMT. While free base bufotenine is psychoactive, it is very unlike DMT and somewhat toxic. Shamans typically prefer the effects of Ca + 5-O-DMT over bufotenine. This is why most shamans prepare yopo snuff using up to 33% calcium hydroxide and allow it to react overnight, kneading it over and over to ensure that all the bufotenine reacts with the calcium hydroxide.

The beans have been found to contain up to 7.4% bufotenin.[30] At up to 7.4 % (74 mg per gram) bufotenin, an effective 40 mg dose of insufflated bufotenin[30] requires little more than 0.5 grams of beans.

Bufotenin (5-hydroxy-amine side chain is protonated while at basic pH the phenol is deprotonated.

The intraperitoneal LD50 of bufotenin is between 200-300 mg/kg (in rodents) with death occurring by reparatory arrest. The LD50 in rodents amounts to between 10,000 mg and 15,000 mg for a small 50 kg (110 lb) adult.[31] Based on the intraperitoneal LD50 for rodents, at 74 mg per gram, it would require approximately 135 grams of beans to reach the estimated LD50of bufotenin for a 50 kg (110 lb) adult. The LD50 for calcium bufotenate and free-base bufotenin in rodents is currently unknown. Human intravenous tests using bufotenin suggest the LD50 may be much lower in humans with subjects showing signs of peripheral toxicity (purple face, tachycardia, difficulty breathing, etc.) at doses as little as 8 mg in some subjects.[32] Free base bufotenin when insufflated, taken sublingually, orally, or intrarectally, elicits strong hallucinogenic effects with far less side effects[30].

5-MeO-DMT

The effects of insufflated 5-MeO-DMT. It is believed[citation needed] that such extractions have contributed to the misconception that bufotenin is a minor alkaloid in yopo. The majority of the extractions confirm that bufotenin is primarily responsible for the effects of yopo with the other compounds usually appearing in quantities too small to produce noticeable effects in an average yopo dose of 5-10 grams[citation needed].

The beans have been found to contain up to only 0.04% 5-MeO-DMT and related compounds.[33]

At up to 0.04% (0.4 mg per gram) 5-MeO-DMT.

At up to 0.16% (1.6 mg per gram) DMT present in the beans. An extract of 25 grams of beans could contain up to 1,850 mg of bufotenin, a potentially dangerous dose of bufotenin. With insufflated free-base bufotenin, the maximum published safe dose used has been 100 mg.[30]

Unlike bufotenin, both 5-MeO-DMT present at all. They also examined a batch of beans that contained all three compounds when fresh, but found only bufotenin in the beans after only two years of storage.[35]

Oral usage

When taken orally by some tribes in South America, small amounts are often combined with alcoholic chichas (maize based beer).[36] Moderate doses are unpleasant, producing nausea and vomiting. The beans were a main ingredient in bilca tauri, an oral purge medicine used to induce ritual vomiting once a month.[37] Large amounts are not usually consumed orally; as many tribes believe oral use is dangerous.

Use with MAOIs

Some South American tribes have been documented to use various bean preparations along with Banisteriopsis caapi, an herb containing MAOIs.[31] Typically Banisteriopsis caapi is chewed in the mouth while the Anadenanthera beans are snuffed or smoked.[31] Occasionally Banisteriopsis caapi is found mixed in with the snuff.[31] Moderate amounts of Banisteriopsis caapi will effectively double the potency of the Anadenanthera beans. Larger amounts of Banisteriopsis caapi will not only double the potency of Anadenanthera beans but also alter the quality of the experience, producing a more relaxed dreamy effect, with possible increased nausea. There are no well documented reports of the beans being used as a major component in oral ayahuasca (a tea made with Banisteriopsis caapi).

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b ILDIS LegumeWeb
  2. ^ a b c d e PlantaMed (Portuguese)
  3. ^ Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant of Ancient South America By Constantino Manuel Torres, David B. Repke, p. 97
  4. ^ PDF Caracterização da Madeira de Angico-Vermelho
  5. ^ J.G. Architectural
  6. ^ FAO
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases
  8. ^ a b c UNO
  9. ^ Medicina traditional Ergebnisse einethnomedizinischen ...(German)
  10. ^ Psychedelics Encyclopedia By Peter G. Stafford, p. 313.
  11. ^ M. L. Pochettino, A. R. Cortella, M. Ruiz. 1999
  12. ^ Cortella, M. Ruiz. 1995
  13. ^ Microgram Bulletin, VOL. XXXVII, NO. 4, DEA, April 2004
  14. ^ Microgram Bulletin 32(2):83-89, DEA, 1999
  15. ^ Torres & Repke 1996
  16. ^ de Smet & Rivier 1987
  17. ^ Sdvio Nunes et al. 1987
  18. ^ Schultes et al. 1977
  19. ^ Yamasato 1972
  20. ^ Chagnon, Le Quesne & Cook 1971
  21. ^ Fellows & Bell 1971
  22. ^ Holmstedt & Lindgren 1967
  23. ^ Paris, Saint-Firmin & Etchepare 1967
  24. ^ Lacobucci & Rdveda 1964
  25. ^ Giesbrecht 1960
  26. ^ Pachter, Zacharias & Ribeiro 1959
  27. ^ Alvares Pereira 1957
  28. ^ Fish, Johnson & Horning 1955
  29. ^ Stromberg 1954
  30. ^ a b c d e Pharmanopo-Psychonautics: Human Intranasal, Sublingual, Intrarectal, Pulmonary and Oral Pharmacology of Bufotenine by Jonathan Ott, The Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, September 2001
  31. ^ a b c d Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant Of Ancient South America, Constantino Manuel, Ph.D. Torres, David B. Repke, 2006, ISBN 0789026422
  32. ^ TiKHAL, Alexander Shulgin, 1997
  33. ^ Schultes 1976,1977; Pachter et al. 1959
  34. ^ Shamanic Snuffs or Entheogenic Errhines by Jonathan Ott, Page 102, 2001, ISBN 1888755024
  35. ^ Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant Of Ancient South America, Constantino Manuel, Ph.D. Torres, David B. Repke, 2006, page 123, ISBN 0789026422
  36. ^ Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant Of Ancient South America, Constantino Manuel, Ph.D. Torres, David B. Repke, 2006, page 29, ISBN 0789026422
  37. ^ Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant Of Ancient South America, Constantino Manuel, Ph.D. Torres, David B. Repke, 2006, page 28, ISBN 0789026422



General references

 
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Anadenanthera_peregrina". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.