Zincke reaction



The Zincke reaction is an pyridine is transformed into a pyridinium salt by reaction with 2,4-dinitro-chlorobenzene and a primary amine, named after Theodor Zincke.[1]

The Zincke reaction should not be confused with the Zincke-Suhl reaction or the zinc.


Reaction mechanism

The first reaction is the formation of the N-2,4-dinitrophenyl-pyridinium salt (2). This salt is typically isolated and purified by recrystallization.

Upon heating a primary amine with the N-2,4-dinitrophenyl-pyridinium salt (2), the addition of the amine leads to the opening of the pyridinium ring. A second addition of amine leads to the displacement of 2,4-dinitroaniline (5) and formation of the König salt [2] (6a and 6b). The trans-cis-trans isomer of the König salt (6a) can react by either elimination, the desired pyridinium ion (9) is formed.

This mechanism can be referred to as an instance of the ring closing.

Applications

In one solid-phase synthesis application, the amine is covalently attached to Wang resin.[6]

Another example is the synthesis of a isoquinolinium salt.[7]

Zincke aldehydes

With secondary amines and not primary amines the Zincke reaction takes on a different shape forming so-called Zincke aldehydes in which the pyridine ring is ring-opened with the terminal aldehyde [8] :

This variation has been applied in the synthesis of novel indoles [9] :

with cyanogen bromide mediated pyridine activation.


2007 rediscovery

In 2006 and again in 2007 the Zincke reaction was rediscovered by a research group from Japan [10] and a group from the USA [11]. Both groups claimed the synthesis of a 12 membered diazasurfactant properties) in the case of the American group.


In a letter to NMR spectroscopy.

As of December 2007 the Japanese group retracted its paper in Organic Letters due to uncertainties regarding what products are formed in the reaction described and the US group added a correction to theirs in the Angewandte Chemie stating they wish(ed) to alter the proposed structure of (the) annulene [13]. The issue did receive some media coverage: [14] [15]

References

  1. ^ (a) Zincke, Th.; Heuser, G.; Moller, W. Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1904, 333, 296. (b) Zincke, Th. Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1904, 330, 361. (c) Zincke, T. H.; Weisspfenning, G. Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1913, 396, 103.
  2. ^ König, W. J. Prakt. Chem. 1904, 69, 105.
  3. ^ Kunugi, S.; Okubo, T.; Ise, N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1976, 98, 2282-2287. (doi:10.1021/ja00424a047)
  4. ^ Marvell, E. N.; Caple, G.; Shahidi, I. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1970, 92, 5641-5645. (doi:10.1021/ja00722a016)
  5. ^ Marvell, E. N.; Shahidi, I. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1970, 92, 5646-5649. (doi:10.1021/ja00722a017)
  6. ^ "The Solid-Phase Zincke Reaction: Preparation of -Hydroxy Pyridinium Salts in the Search for CFTR Activation" Eda, M.; Kurth, M. J.; Nantz, M. H. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65(17), 5131 - 5135. (doi:10.1021/jo0001636)
  7. ^ New Chiral Isoquinolinium Salt Derivatives from Chiral Primary Amines via Zincke Reaction Denis Barbier, Christian Marazano, Bhupesh C. Das, and Pierre Potier J. Org. Chem.; 1996; 61(26) pp 9596 - 9598; (Note) doi:10.1021/jo961539b
  8. ^ T. Zincke, W. Wurker, Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1905, 338, 107 – 141;
  9. ^ Synthesis of Nitrogen Heterocycles by the Ring Opening of Pyridinium Salts Aaron M. Kearney, Christopher D. Vanderwal Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 7803 –7806 doi:10.1002/anie.200602996
  10. ^ One-Pot Synthesis of N-Substituted Diaza[12]annulenes Yamaguchi, I.; Gobara, Y.; Sato, M. Org. Lett.; (Letter); 2006; 8(19); 4279-4281. doi:10.1021/ol061585q
  11. ^ [12]Annulene Gemini Surfactants: Structure and Self-Assembly Lei Shi, Dan Lundberg, Djamaladdin G. Musaev, Fredric M. Menger Angewandte Chemie International Edition Volume 46, 2007 Issue 31 , Pages 5889 - 5891 doi:10.1002/anie.200702140
  12. ^ (German) 1,7-Diaza[12]annulene Derivatives? 100-Year-Old Pyridinium Salts! (p 9152-9153)Manfred Christl Published Online: Nov 28 2007 5:47AM doi:10.1002/anie.200704704
  13. ^ Corrigendum [12]Annulene Gemini Surfactants: Structure and Self-Assembly Lei Shi, Dan Lundberg, Djamaladdin G. Musaev, Fredric M. Menger Angewandte Chemie International Edition Volume 46, 2007, Issue 48, Pages 9152 - 9153 doi:10.1002/anie.200790248
  14. ^ (German) Ahnungslose Chemiker entdecken Verbindung zum zweiten Mal. Jens Lubbadeh Der Spiegel 6 December 2007 http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/natur/0,1518,521646,00.html
  15. ^ Where have I seen that before? 103-year-old chemical reaction pops up again. Katharine Sanderson. Published online 4 December 2007 | Nature | doi:10.1038/news.2007.341
 
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